Lisna, Nilawati Uly, Andi Alim

FAKTOR SOSIAL BUDAYA, PSIKOLOGIS, DAN INTERVENSI TERHADAP PRAKTIK PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF: TINJAUAN LITERATUR

Introduction

Faktor sosial budaya, psikologis, dan intervensi terhadap praktik pemberian asi eksklusif: tinjauan literatur. Pelajari faktor sosial budaya, psikologis & intervensi efektif terhadap praktik ASI eksklusif. Tinjauan literatur ini analisis efikasi diri, dukungan, budaya & program promosi.

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) secara eksklusif selama enam bulan pertama merupakan anjuran global dari WHO dan UNICEF karena manfaatnya yang besar bagi kesehatan ibu dan bayi. Namun, praktik ini masih menghadapi berbagai hambatan di tingkat individu dan masyarakat. Tujuan: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah secara sistematis berbagai faktor psikologis, sosial budaya, dan efektivitas intervensi terhadap praktik pemberian ASI eksklusif. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan literature review naratif yang menganalisis 30 artikel ilmiah nasional dan internasional yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2020 hingga 2025. Artikel dianalisis secara tematik berdasarkan faktor determinan dan jenis intervensi yang dilaporkan, dengan mempertimbangkan konteks sosial dan budaya yang beragam. Hasil: Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa efikasi diri menyusui, stres, dan depresi postpartum merupakan faktor psikologis utama yang memengaruhi keberhasilan ASI eksklusif. Dukungan sosial dari suami, keluarga, dan tenaga kesehatan sangat membantu mempertahankan praktik menyusui. Nilai budaya lokal juga berperan besar, baik sebagai penguat maupun hambatan, tergantung pada kepercayaan yang berlaku. Intervensi yang terbukti efektif mencakup edukasi menyusui, konseling berbasis budaya, kelompok dukungan ibu, dan penerapan program rumah sakit ramah bayi (BFHI), termasuk inisiasi menyusu dini (IMD) dan rawat gabung. Kesimpulan: Keberhasilan ASI eksklusif membutuhkan pendekatan yang komprehensif, berbasis budaya, dan melibatkan multiaktor. Program promosi menyusui sebaiknya dirancang secara partisipatif dan disesuaikan dengan nilai-nilai lokal agar lebih efektif dan berkelanjutan.   Kata Kunci: ASI eksklusif, efikasi diri, dukungan sosial, budaya, intervensi, literature review.  

Review

This literature review addresses the globally crucial practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), a cornerstone of maternal and child health recommended by leading international organizations. The study's objective to systematically examine the psychological, sociocultural factors, and intervention effectiveness influencing EBF is highly pertinent, given the persistent challenges in achieving optimal rates despite its well-documented benefits. By synthesizing findings from 30 recent articles (2020-2025) through a narrative literature review approach, the authors provide a timely and comprehensive overview of the current evidence base, highlighting the complex interplay of factors at various levels. The review meticulously identifies key determinants of EBF success. Psychologically, it underscores the critical roles of maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding, alongside the negative impacts of stress and postpartum depression. From a sociocultural perspective, the findings emphasize the indispensable support from husbands, families, and healthcare professionals, in addition to the significant influence of local cultural values and beliefs, which can either act as facilitators or barriers. Furthermore, the study effectively outlines a range of proven interventions, including breastfeeding education, culturally adapted counseling, mother support groups, and institutional practices such as the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD), and rooming-in. This comprehensive synthesis offers valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of EBF promotion. The authors' conclusion advocating for a comprehensive, culturally-based, and multi-actor approach is well-supported by their findings. Their recommendation for developing participatory and locally adapted promotion programs is particularly important for ensuring the relevance, effectiveness, and sustainability of EBF interventions in diverse cultural settings. While a narrative review provides a broad synthesis, this work lays a strong foundation for future, potentially more rigorous, systematic reviews focusing on specific interventions or cultural contexts to further refine evidence-based strategies. Overall, this review makes a significant contribution by consolidating current knowledge and offering practical guidance for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders aiming to improve EBF rates globally.

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