Khiki Purnawati Kasim, Haerani Haerani, Budirman Budirman, Stientje Stientje

Analisis Faktor Risiko Cemaran Mikroba pada Depot Air Minum Isi Ulang di Kota Makassar

Introduction

Analisis faktor risiko cemaran mikroba pada depot air minum isi ulang di kota makassar. Analisis risiko E. coli pada depot air minum isi ulang Makassar. Konsentrasi tinggi, risiko penyakit > ambang WHO. Identifikasi faktor higiene-sanitasi buruk & perilaku operator.

Abstract

Air minum isi ulang (AMIU) telah menjadi pilihan utama masyarakat perkotaan di Makassar karena praktis dan terjangkau. Namun, kualitas mikrobiologisnya kerap dipertanyakan akibat kontaminasi Escherichia coli (E. coli), indikator pencemaran fekal yang berpotensi menimbulkan penyakit gastrointestinal. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis risiko kesehatan akibat konsumsi air dari DAMIU yang terkontaminasi E. coli menggunakan pendekatan Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA). Studi kasus dilakukan pada 7 DAMIU yang teridentifikasi positif E. coli di tiga wilayah kerja Puskesmas di Kota Makassar. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan kuantitatif berbasis MRA, tanpa uji statistik inferensial. Hasil menunjukkan konsentrasi E. coli berkisar 4–30 CFU/100 ml. Nilai Probability of Illness (Pill) berkisar antara 2,8 × 10⁻¹ hingga 3,5 × 10⁻¹, jauh melebihi ambang batas aman WHO (10⁻⁴), sehingga termasuk kategori risiko tinggi terhadap penyakit berbasis air seperti diare. Seluruh DAMIU tidak memenuhi standar mikrobiologis Permenkes No. 2 Tahun 2023 (E. coli = 0 CFU/100 ml). Faktor higiene-sanitasi, metode pengolahan air, dan perilaku operator yang buruk teridentifikasi melalui observasi lapangan sebagai penyebab potensial kontaminasi. Temuan ini menegaskan perlunya penguatan pengawasan, pelatihan operator, dan sertifikasi berbasis risiko untuk menurunkan risiko kesehatan masyarakat.

Review

This study presents a crucial analysis of microbial contamination risks in refill drinking water depots (DAMIU) in Makassar, a highly relevant topic given the widespread reliance on such water sources in urban settings. By employing a Microbial Risk Assessment (MRA) approach, the authors effectively quantified the health threat posed by *E. coli* contamination, an important indicator of fecal pollution. The findings are alarming, with *E. coli* concentrations ranging from 4–30 CFU/100 ml and a calculated Probability of Illness (Pill) significantly exceeding WHO safety thresholds (2.8 × 10⁻¹ to 3.5 × 10⁻¹ versus 10⁻⁴). This clearly indicates a high risk of waterborne diseases, consistent with the observed non-compliance of all studied DAMIU with national microbiological standards. The identification of poor hygiene-sanitation, inadequate water treatment methods, and operator behavior as contributing factors provides actionable insights. While the application of MRA provides a robust quantitative framework for assessing risk, some methodological aspects warrant further consideration. The study's focus on only seven *E. coli*-positive DAMIU, although a targeted case study, limits the generalizability of the findings across the entire city of Makassar. Furthermore, the abstract notes the absence of inferential statistical tests. While MRA provides quantitative risk estimates, the lack of inferential statistics might hinder a deeper, statistically robust understanding of the relationships between the observed hygiene-sanitation factors, operator behavior, and the specific levels of *E. coli* contamination. Details regarding the observational methodology for identifying these factors, such as structured checklists or the extent of observation, are also not explicitly elaborated, which could influence the strength of the attributed causality. Despite these minor considerations, the study offers significant contributions to public health surveillance and policy, especially in rapidly urbanizing contexts. The explicit identification of high health risks and the contributing factors provides a strong impetus for immediate interventions. The recommendations for strengthened supervision, operator training, and risk-based certification are practical and well-supported by the evidence presented. Future research could benefit from expanding the sample size to improve generalizability, incorporating inferential statistics to establish stronger causal links between risk factors and contamination, and potentially investigating the specific pathogenic strains of *E. coli* to refine the risk assessment even further. Overall, this paper serves as an urgent call to action for improving water safety in Makassar and provides a valuable methodological template for similar assessments in other regions.

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