Bukhori Bukhori, Nuri Shabrina, Irwansyah Irwansyah

Framing Pemberitaan Etika dan Regulasi Penggunaan Foto Artificial Intelligence (AI) pada Kampanye

Introduction

Framing pemberitaan etika dan regulasi penggunaan foto artificial intelligence (ai) pada kampanye. Analisis framing media terkait etika dan regulasi penggunaan foto AI dalam kampanye politik digital pasca putusan MK. Mengungkap manipulasi visual AI, integritas Pemilu, & kritik regulasi.

Abstract

Perkembangan teknologi Artificial Intelligence (AI) generative telah memicu praktik manipulasi visual dalam kampanye politik digital. Persoalan etika dan regulasi muncul seiring dengan putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) terkait pelarangan penggunaan citra manipulatif berbasis AI dalam Pemilu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pembingkaian berita terkait isu tersebut pada empat media online, yaitu Kompas.com, Tirto.id, Fajar.co.id, dan CNBC Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis framing kualitatif yang dipandu dengan Teori Framing Robert Entman. Hasilnya menunjukkan perbedaan empat media membingkai putusan MK. Kompas.com memilih isu tentang manipulasi foto dan gambar AI telah mengaburkan citra asli peserta Pemilu dan memengaruhi persepsi pemilih. Tirto.id berusaha menonjolkan aspek etika dan manipulasi visual yang diciptakan oleh AI yang disebutnya sebagai teknologi menyesatkan. Fajar.co.id mengungkit legalitas kampanye pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden Prabowo Subianto dan Gibran Rakabuming Raka yang sebelumnya menggunakan foto AI. Sementara CNBCIndonesia.com mengungkapkan perdebatan di tengah masyarakat. Secara umum empat media tersebut membingkai putusan MK sebagai langkah afirmatif terhadap integritas Pemilu, serta adanya ketidakjelasan hukum tentang "citra diri". Framing yang ditampilkan mengandung elemen kritik terhadap ketertinggalan etika dan regulasi di tengah pesatnya inovasi AI. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pembaruan kebijakan kampanye digital dan penegasan etika visual politik dalam era komunikasi berbasis AI. The development of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has triggered the practice of visual manipulation in digital political campaigns. Ethical and regulatory issues arose following the Constitutional Court's (MK) ruling prohibiting the use of AI-based manipulative images in elections. This study aims to analyze the news framing of this issue in four online media outlets: Kompas.com, Tirto.id, Fajar.co.id, and CNBC Indonesia. The method used was qualitative framing analysis guided by Robert Entman's Framing Theory. The results show differences in the four media outlets' framing of the MK ruling. Kompas.com chose the issue of AI-manipulated photos and images obscuring the true image of election participants and influencing voter perceptions. Tirto.id attempted to highlight the ethical aspects and visual manipulation created by AI, which it called misleading technology. Fajar.co.id raised the legality of the campaign of presidential and vice-presidential candidates Prabowo Subianto and Gibran Rakabuming Raka, who previously used AI-generated photos. Meanwhile, CNBCIndonesia.com revealed the debate within the community. In general, the four media outlets framed the Constitutional Court's ruling as an affirmative step toward election integrity, as well as the legal ambiguity surrounding "self-image." The framing presented contains elements of criticism of the lag in ethics and regulations amidst rapid AI innovation. This research emphasizes the importance of updating digital campaign policies and affirming political visual ethics in the era of AI-based communication.

Review

This study offers a timely and highly relevant analysis of how Indonesian online media frame the ethical and regulatory challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in political campaigns, particularly following a significant Constitutional Court (MK) ruling. By focusing on the prohibition of AI-based manipulative images in elections, the research effectively captures a critical nexus of technological innovation, legal frameworks, and journalistic practice. The stated objective to analyze news framing across four distinct media outlets using Robert Entman's theory provides a clear and established methodological foundation for understanding the discursive landscape surrounding this complex issue. The research adeptly highlights the nuanced differences in framing adopted by Kompas.com, Tirto.id, Fajar.co.id, and CNBC Indonesia, demonstrating how each outlet prioritizes distinct aspects of the AI ethics debate. From Kompas.com's focus on electoral integrity and voter perception to Tirto.id's emphasis on AI as "misleading technology," and Fajar.co.id's pointed critique of specific campaign practices, the findings illustrate the multifaceted nature of media discourse. The general conclusion that media frame the MK ruling as an affirmative step for election integrity, yet simultaneously underscore the legal ambiguity surrounding "self-image" and the lag in ethical and regulatory development, is a crucial contribution. This exposes the ongoing tension between rapid technological advancement and the slower pace of legal and ethical adaptation. This study's strength lies in its immediate applicability to current policy debates and its robust methodological approach in qualitative framing analysis. It provides valuable insights for policymakers grappling with the integration of AI into democratic processes and for media practitioners navigating new ethical frontiers. Future research could build upon these findings by exploring the audience reception of these various framings, investigating their impact on public trust or voter behavior, or expanding the analysis to include a broader range of media types or comparative international contexts. Furthermore, a deeper dive into the specific "legal ambiguity surrounding 'self-image'" could offer crucial insights for drafting more comprehensive and forward-looking regulations.

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