Casmuti Casmuti, Widya Hary Cahyati, Intan Zainafree, Parno Parno

Descriptive Analysis of Diabetic Retinopathy in Central Java Province (Case Study at RSUP Dr. Kariadi)

Introduction

Descriptive analysis of diabetic retinopathy in central java province (case study at rsup dr. Kariadi). Descriptive analysis of diabetic retinopathy in Central Java (RSUP Dr. Kariadi, 2023). Explores patient demographics, DM duration, comorbidities, blood glucose, and HbA1c levels.

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is a serious complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to nutritional disorders. In Central Java Province, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus increased from 10% in 2022 to 12.52% in the third quarter of 2023; this phenomenon has not reached the SDG's target of zero increase. This study analyzes the frequency distribution of diabetic retinopathy cases at RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang in 2023. Using a cross-sectional design, this observational descriptive research utilized electronic medical record data from RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang in 2023. The study examined various variables, including gender, age, education level, employment status, marital status, BMI, DM diet, duration of DM, hypertension, other diseases, current blood glucose, and HbA1c. Univariate analysis was used to determine the frequency distribution and present graphical representations of each variable. The study's findings showed the largest percentage of diabetic retinopathy patients were female (54.2%), aged 50-59 years (48.8%), with low education (38.0%), working (66.3%), married (92.8%), and obese (18.7%). Most patients had a duration of DM ≥ 5 years (51.2%), hypertension (73.5%), and other diseases such as azotemia, CKD, cataracts, and cardiomegaly; patients had blood glucose at ≥ 200 mg/dL (53.0%) and HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (88.0%).

Review

This descriptive study offers a valuable initial insight into the characteristics of diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients presenting at RSUP Dr. Kariadi in Central Java Province. Addressing a pressing public health concern, especially given the rising diabetes prevalence and unmet SDG targets in the region, the research effectively utilizes electronic medical record data to paint a demographic and clinical picture of affected individuals. The clear articulation of its cross-sectional, observational design and the variables examined demonstrate a systematic approach to cataloging the patient profile, providing a foundational understanding for local public health practitioners and clinicians. The findings presented are quite striking and underscore significant challenges in diabetes management within the region. The analysis highlights that DR patients at this facility are predominantly female, in their 50s, with lower educational attainment, and a high prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension, azotemia, CKD, and cataracts. Critically, the data reveals that a majority of patients have had diabetes for five years or more, and an alarming proportion exhibit poor glycemic control, with over half having blood glucose levels ≥ 200 mg/dL and nearly 90% having HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. These statistics collectively point towards a pattern of delayed diagnosis, suboptimal long-term diabetes management, and the associated accumulation of severe complications. While providing essential baseline data, the study's descriptive and cross-sectional nature, limited to a single referral center, inherently restricts its ability to establish causal relationships or generalize findings to the broader population with DR in Central Java. The data from a tertiary hospital may also represent more severe or complex cases, potentially skewing the prevalence of certain characteristics. Future research would benefit from incorporating analytical approaches to identify specific risk factors for DR progression, exploring the impact of interventions, and expanding the scope to multiple healthcare settings or a community-based design. Nevertheless, this study serves as a crucial initial step, informing the design of targeted screening programs and educational interventions aimed at earlier diagnosis and improved diabetes control to mitigate the burden of DR in the province.

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