Meisa Rohania, Frastica Deswardani, Yoza Fendriani, Ria Anjelina, Rista Mutia Anggraini, Lucky Zaehir Maulana, Febri Berthalita Pujaningsih

Scaffold Hidroksiapatit (HAp) dari Limbah Tulang Ikan Tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson): Studi Variasi PVA Terhadap Ukuran Kristal dan Ukuran Pori

Introduction

Scaffold hidroksiapatit (hap) dari limbah tulang ikan tenggiri (scomberomorus commerson): studi variasi pva terhadap ukuran kristal dan ukuran pori. Teliti scaffold hidroksiapatit (HAp) dari limbah tulang ikan tenggiri untuk regenerasi tulang. Pelajari variasi PVA terhadap ukuran kristal dan pori demi rekayasa jaringan tulang optimal.

Abstract

Defects in bone tissue represent a significant health concern and continue to pose challenges in clinical surgery. The fabrication of scaffolds from hydroxyapatite (HAp) can support bone regeneration. However, producing HAp scaffolds with ideal pore structures for effective bone tissue engineering remains difficult. In recent decades, many studies have attempted to enhance HAp scaffolds by incorporating polymeric materials to address their limitations. In this study, corn starch was used as a pore-forming agent, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) served as a binder and pore size regulator. The scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze-drying method, which offers the advantage of forming porous structures while maintaining scaffold integrity. This study investigated the effects of varying PVA additions which 3 wt%, 7 wt%, and 10 wt%. XRD analysis showed that the diffraction peaks of all samples corresponded to the HAp phase, displayed β-TCP peaks, and a crystal size with values ranging from 0.96 nm to 11.77 nm. SEM analysis showed that the HAp-7 scaffold has the largest pore size distribution range of about 1.19 µm to 11.77 µm.

Review

This study presents an investigation into the fabrication of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds from sustainable mackerel fish bone waste, aiming to address critical challenges in bone tissue engineering. The authors utilized corn starch as a pore-forming agent and systematically varied polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) concentrations (3, 7, and 10 wt%) to act as a binder and pore size regulator. Employing a freeze-drying method, the research focused on understanding how PVA addition influences the resulting crystal and pore sizes of the HAp scaffolds, which are crucial parameters for successful bone regeneration. The findings indicate the successful synthesis of HAp scaffolds, with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirming the presence of both the HAp phase and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) across all tested samples. Crystal sizes were observed to range from 0.96 nm to 11.77 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a significant finding: the scaffold fabricated with 7 wt% PVA (HAp-7) exhibited the largest pore size distribution, ranging from approximately 1.19 µm to 11.77 µm. These results demonstrate the potential of PVA as a tunable agent for controlling the structural characteristics of HAp scaffolds derived from a readily available waste source. While the study offers valuable initial characterization, the abstract could benefit from a more detailed discussion on the specific impact of varying PVA concentrations on crystal size, beyond simply stating a broad range. Furthermore, although the HAp-7 scaffold showed the largest pore size distribution, the abstract does not elaborate on whether this specific range is considered optimal for cellular penetration and vascularization in bone tissue engineering, or how it compares to established biological requirements. Future work should ideally include mechanical property evaluations and *in vitro* or *in vivo* biological assessments to confirm the functional efficacy and biocompatibility of these promising fish-bone-derived HAp scaffolds for clinical applications.

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