Kształtowanie się zasad odpowiedzialności sprawcy czynu zabronionego w kontekście art. 30 kodeksu karnego. Analiza zasad odpowiedzialności sprawcy czynu zabronionego w kontekście art. 30 Kodeksu karnego. Badanie ewolucji error iuris i pojęcia "błędu usprawiedliwionego".
dc.title: Kształtowanie się zasad odpowiedzialności sprawcy czynu zabronionego w kontekście art. 30 Kodeksu karnego dc.contributor.author: Matusiak, Marlena dc.description.abstract: Przekształcanie się treści przepisów prawnych kolejnych polskich kodyfikacji karnych, dotyczących error iuris, wskazuje wyraźną tendencję do łagodzenia zasad odpowiedzialności sprawcy przestępstwa, będącego w stanie nieświadomości bezprawności. Okoliczność ta unaocznia, że zawarte w art. 30 Kodeksu karnego określenie „błąd usprawiedliwiony” nie pokrywa się merytorycznie ze sformułowaniem „błąd, którego sprawca nie mógł uniknąć”. Obecnie podstawę do ekskulpowania sprawcy i zwolnienia go z odpowiedzialności mogą stanowić różnorodne okoliczności, dotyczące nie tylko właściwości samej osoby pozostającej pod wpływem błędu, ale też całokształtu warunków, w których dopuściła się czynu zabronionego, nawet jeżeli z punktu widzenia abstrakcyjnie ukształtowanego „wzorcowego obywatela”, dałoby się uniknąć błędu prawnego. W opracowaniu wskazano uwarunkowania historyczne, proces ewolucji error iuris, a także dokonana została próba systematyki katalogu okoliczności usprawiedliwiających nieświadomość bezprawności.; The transformation of the content of legal provisions of subsequent Polish penal codifications, concerning error iuris indicates a clear tendency to mitigate the principles of liability of the perpetrator of an offence, who is ignorant of its unlawfulness. This circumstance reveals that the term “justified error” contained in Article 30 of the Criminal Code does not substantially coincide with the phrase “error which the perpetrator could not avoid”. Currently, the basis for exculpation of the perpetrator and exoneration from liability may be a variety of circumstances relating not only to the characteristics of the person under the influence of the error, but also the overall conditions under which they committed the offence, even if from the perspective of an abstractly formed “model citizen”, the legal error could have been avoided. The study indicates historical conditions, the process of evolution of error iuris, as well as an attempt to systematize the catalog of circumstances justifying ignorance of unlawfulness.
This study, titled "Shaping the Principles of Liability for the Perpetrator of a Prohibited Act in the Context of Article 30 of the Criminal Code," provides a timely and insightful examination of the evolving concept of *error iuris* (mistake of law) within Polish criminal jurisprudence. The central argument posits a clear historical trajectory towards mitigating the liability of individuals who commit an offense while genuinely unaware of its unlawfulness. The author highlights a crucial semantic and substantive distinction between the "justified error" stipulated in Article 30 of the Criminal Code and the more restrictive "error which the perpetrator could not avoid," arguing that current interpretations lean towards a broader understanding of exculpation. This nuanced exploration of how legal provisions have transformed across successive Polish penal codifications forms the bedrock of the paper's significant contribution. The research delves into the historical underpinnings and evolutionary process of *error iuris*, offering a systematic attempt to categorize the circumstances that can legitimately excuse ignorance of unlawfulness. A key finding is the shift from an abstract, "model citizen" standard to a more holistic assessment that considers not only the perpetrator's individual characteristics but also the entire context in which the prohibited act occurred. This expansion of exculpatory grounds allows for a more flexible and, arguably, more just application of criminal law, even in situations where a purely objective standard might suggest avoidable error. By meticulously detailing these diverse circumstances, the study offers a valuable framework for understanding the intricacies of culpability and the subjective elements required for criminal responsibility. Overall, this paper makes a substantial contribution to criminal law scholarship by meticulously tracing the development of *error iuris* in Poland and critically analyzing its current interpretation under Article 30 of the Criminal Code. Its strength lies in its historical perspective combined with a practical attempt to systematize the conditions for justified error, providing clarity on a complex legal issue. The insights offered are highly relevant for legal practitioners, judges, and academics grappling with the practical application of culpability principles, particularly concerning the balance between objective legal standards and the subjective awareness of the perpetrator. The study effectively illuminates how modern Polish criminal law increasingly acknowledges the complexity of human action and awareness in determining legal responsibility.
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