Siti Halijah Sabollah, Hajirum Tuheteru, Ainul Alim Rahman, Firmanullah Fadlil

Studi Eksperimental dan Analisis Optimasi Adsorpsi Cu(II) Menggunakan Kulit Pinang dengan Variasi Massa, pH, dan Suhu

Introduction

Studi eksperimental dan analisis optimasi adsorpsi cu(ii) menggunakan kulit pinang dengan variasi massa, ph, dan suhu. Studi eksperimental optimasi adsorpsi Cu(II) dari limbah perikanan Sorong menggunakan kulit pinang teraktivasi. Solusi ramah lingkungan & berkelanjutan untuk mengurangi polusi Cu(II).

Abstract

The rapid growth of fisheries in Sorong city has led to severe marine pollution, especially elevated Cu II concentrations that exceed water‑quality standards and threaten both ecosystems and human health. This study aimed to develop an eco‑friendly adsorbent from agricultural waste, namely citric‑acid‑activated palm‑shell powder, for the removal of Cu II from fishing‑industry effluents. The palm‑shell powder was activated by immersion in 0.1 M citric acid for 24 h, which introduced carboxyl groups, eliminated impurities, and increased porosity and surface functionality, thereby enhancing Cu II sorption capacity. A full‑factorial experimental design was employed, testing three independent variables (adsorbent mass, solution pH, and temperature) each in triplicate, with a fixed contact time of 120 min, sample volume of 50 mL, and initial adsorbent pH 6. Optimal conditions were identified as 50 mg adsorbent (capacity = 8.354 mg L⁻¹, removal efficiency = 54.14 %), pH 9 (capacity = 10.69 mg L⁻¹, efficiency = 69.28 %), and 60 °C (capacity = 7.49 mg L⁻¹, efficiency = 48.56 %). The citric‑acid‑activated palm‑shell adsorbent demonstrated significant Cu II reduction in fishing‑effluent water and presents a low‑cost, locally available, and sustainable solution for the treatment of fisheries waste streams. 

Review

This study presents a timely and relevant investigation into the development of an eco-friendly adsorbent for the remediation of Cu(II) pollution, a significant environmental concern in areas like Sorong city's fisheries. The authors propose an innovative approach utilizing citric-acid-activated agricultural waste, specifically palm-shell powder, as a sustainable and low-cost material. The activation process, designed to enhance surface functionality and porosity through the introduction of carboxyl groups, demonstrates a clear mechanistic rationale for improved Cu(II) sorption. The application of a full-factorial experimental design underscores a systematic and thorough approach to optimize the adsorption process, addressing a critical need for effective wastewater treatment solutions. The experimental design systematically explored the impact of three key independent variables: adsorbent mass, solution pH, and temperature, with experiments conducted in triplicate to ensure robustness. The study successfully identified optimal conditions for each variable, reporting the highest removal efficiency of 69.28% at pH 9, with an associated "capacity" of 10.69 mg L⁻¹. Other optimal conditions included 50 mg adsorbent for a "capacity" of 8.354 mg L⁻¹ (54.14% efficiency) and 60 °C for 7.49 mg L⁻¹ (48.56% efficiency). These findings collectively demonstrate the potential of the citric-acid-activated palm-shell adsorbent to significantly reduce Cu(II) concentrations in fishing effluent, presenting a promising, locally available, and sustainable option for industrial waste stream treatment. While the study offers a valuable contribution, several points require clarification and further consideration. Firstly, there is an inconsistency between the title's mention of "Kulit Pinang" (Betel Nut Husk) and the abstract's consistent reference to "palm-shell powder." This discrepancy must be addressed, as it pertains to the very nature of the adsorbent material. Secondly, the reported "capacity" units (mg L⁻¹) are unusual and potentially misleading for adsorption capacity, which is typically expressed as mg/g of adsorbent. This needs to be clarified, perhaps indicating the concentration of Cu(II) removed or adsorbed per liter of solution, or ideally, calculating and presenting the actual adsorption capacity per unit mass of adsorbent. Additionally, while optimal parameters are identified, a more comprehensive understanding would benefit from including kinetic and isotherm studies to elucidate the adsorption mechanisms more thoroughly. Despite these points, the work highlights a promising avenue for sustainable environmental remediation and warrants further development, provided the identified ambiguities are resolved.

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