Jyoti Dahiya, Anudeep Kumar Narula, Gulshan Kumar

Triazoles in the Carbohydrate World: Unlocking Multifunctional Glycohybrids

Introduction

Triazoles in the carbohydrate world: unlocking multifunctional glycohybrids. Explore triazoles in carbohydrate chemistry for multifunctional glycohybrids. Discover their use in medicine (antimicrobial, anticancer) and materials science via click chemistry. Review future directions.

Abstract

Triazoles have emerged as versatile linkers in carbohydrate chemistry, enabling the construction of stable and multifunctional glycohybrids. This review explores the use of triazoles in carbohydrate chemistry, focusing on how they can be used to create versatile compounds with applications in both medicine and materials science. A variety of glyco-triazole hybrids have been synthesized using efficient and sustainable click chemistry methods. These methods allow for the high-yield joining of sugars to other molecules under biocompatible conditions. This review highlights the diverse biological activities of these new compounds, including their use as antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. A cationic chitosan derivative with triazole and quaternary ammonium groups showed strong antifungal and antioxidant properties. Other examples include carbohydrate-derived triazoles that inhibit glycogen phosphorylase, a feasible treatment for type 2 diabetes, and piperazine triazolyl sugar conjugates that show potent anticancer activity against HeLa cells. Beyond their medicinal uses, the review also covers the application of glyco-triazole hybrids in materials science and sensing. This review emphasises that while significant progress has been made, future work should focus on designing more complex structures, using greener synthesis methods, and addressing challenges like bioavailability and stability to move these promising compounds from the laboratory to real-world applications.

Review

This review, titled "Triazoles in the Carbohydrate World: Unlocking Multifunctional Glycohybrids," provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the significant advancements in integrating triazole linkers into carbohydrate chemistry. The authors effectively highlight how this approach enables the construction of stable and multifunctional glycohybrids, which hold immense promise across diverse applications. A key strength of the work lies in its emphasis on efficient and sustainable click chemistry methods, underscoring a commitment to high-yield synthesis under biocompatible conditions, a crucial factor for both medicinal and materials science applications. The review successfully establishes the versatility of triazole chemistry in modifying carbohydrates to create novel functional molecules. The review meticulously details a range of impressive applications, particularly in the biomedical field. It showcases the synthesis of glyco-triazole hybrids with diverse biological activities, including their potential as antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. Specific examples, such as the cationic chitosan derivative exhibiting strong antifungal and antioxidant properties, carbohydrate-derived triazole inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase for type 2 diabetes, and potent anticancer piperazine triazolyl sugar conjugates against HeLa cells, convincingly demonstrate the therapeutic potential. Beyond medicine, the authors also touch upon the emerging applications of these hybrids in materials science and sensing, further underscoring the broad impact and interdisciplinary nature of this research area. While acknowledging the considerable progress, the review also critically outlines essential future directions and challenges that must be addressed to translate these promising laboratory findings into real-world applications. The call for designing more complex structures and adopting greener synthesis methods is commendable, reflecting a forward-thinking perspective on sustainable chemistry. Crucially, the authors astutely identify challenges related to bioavailability and stability, which are often overlooked in early-stage reviews but are paramount for clinical and industrial success. This balanced perspective—celebrating achievements while realistically confronting hurdles—positions the review as an invaluable resource for researchers seeking to advance the field of glycohybrid chemistry.

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