Angel Rosario Ceballos Chávez, Blanca Elvira López Valenzuela, Fernando Alberto Valenzuela Escoboza, Quintin Armando Ayala Armenta, Ramiro Luján Holguin, Héctor Alejandro Márquez Luján

Identificación y evaluación antagónica in vitro de cepas de Trichoderma spp. nativas contra patógenos del duraznero

Introduction

Identificación y evaluación antagónica in vitro de cepas de trichoderma spp. Nativas contra patógenos del duraznero. Control biológico de patógenos del duraznero: Cepas nativas de Trichoderma asperelloides (Chihuahua) demuestran 81.2% de efectividad in vitro. ¡Alternativa ecológica!

Abstract

El interés en el control biológico de fitopatógenos ha aumentado de manera considerable, debido a la necesidad de introducir alternativas eficaces amigables con el medio ambiente, y dejar a un lado el uso masivo deagroquímicos. Trichoderma es un agente antagónico utilizado como medio natural contra fitopatógenos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue aislar e identificar morfológica y molecularmente cepas nativas de sp. del sur del estado de Chihuahua, México, probando su capacidad antagónica contra fitopatógenos. Se aislaron cuatro cepas de Trichoderma sp asociadas a plantas como Prunnus persica, Pinnus sylvestris y Arbutus unedo.En las pruebas de antagonismo in vitro se evaluaron las cepas 1, 3, 5 y 8 contra los fitopatógenos Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Epicoccum sp., Monilinia sp. y Collectotrichum sp. sometiendo los datos a la prueba ANOVA de Aligned Rank Transformation con 10 tratamientos y siete repeticiones más un testigo. La identificación morfológica de los antagonistas se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con las características de la cepa, crecimiento físico y desarrollo estructural de resistencia, secuenciado los genes EF1-728F (5′-CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGG-3′) y TEF1LLErev (5′-AACTTGCAGGCAATGTGG-3′) y los cebadores ITS1 e ITS4 (ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) /ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) para identificar las especies presentes. Todas fueron identificadascomo Trichoderma asperelloides y presentaron un aceptable control sobre el control de fitopatógenos. La prueba post hoc detectó diferencias significativas en la cepa 1 presentando 81.2% de control biológico in vitro. Se sugiererealizar evaluaciones en planta de durazno a nivel campo.

Review

This study presents a timely and relevant investigation into the biological control of peach tree pathogens using native *Trichoderma* strains. The increasing demand for environmentally friendly alternatives to agrochemicals underscores the importance of this research. The clear objective—to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antagonistic capacity of native *Trichoderma* spp. from Chihuahua, Mexico, against common peach pathogens—is well-articulated. Focusing on native strains is a significant strength, as these isolates are likely to be better adapted to local environmental conditions and potentially offer more robust and sustainable control strategies. The methodology employed for isolating and identifying the *Trichoderma* strains is robust, combining both morphological characteristics and molecular techniques using EF1-728F, TEF1LLErev, ITS1, and ITS4 primers. This dual approach enhances the reliability of species identification, which is crucial for reproducibility and further research. Four *Trichoderma* strains were isolated and subsequently evaluated for their antagonistic activity in vitro against five key peach pathogens: *Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Epicoccum sp., Monilinia sp.*, and *Collectotrichum sp.* The use of ANOVA of Aligned Rank Transformation for statistical analysis is appropriate for the experimental design. A significant finding is that all isolated strains were identified as *Trichoderma asperelloides*, consistently demonstrating acceptable levels of control against the tested phytopathogens, with strain 1 exhibiting a particularly impressive 81.2% biological control in vitro. Overall, this research successfully identifies promising native *Trichoderma asperelloides* strains with significant antagonistic potential against a range of peach tree pathogens. The detailed identification process and clear demonstration of in vitro efficacy contribute valuable knowledge to the field of biological control. While the in vitro results are highly encouraging, the authors' suggestion to conduct *in planta* evaluations at field level is critical. Such field trials are essential to validate the observed antagonism under more complex environmental conditions and to assess the practical applicability and effectiveness of these native *Trichoderma* strains as a sustainable alternative to conventional agrochemicals in peach production. This study lays a strong foundation for future development of biological control agents.

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